Descripción de las intervenciones broncoscópicas en estenosis traqueales posterior a infección por COVID-19 / Description of Bronchoscopic Interventions in Post-COVID Tracheal Stenosis

Introducción: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 puede presentar síndrome de distrés res-piratorio agudo con requerimiento de ventilación mecánica prolongada y retraso en la realización de traqueostomía. Esto trae como consecuencia un incremento en casos de estenosis traqueal y la necesidad de métodos menos invasivos para su abordaje. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, desde marzo 2020 hasta diciem-bre 2021 en el Hospital Universitario Nacional de Colombia, en adultos con estenosis traqueal postintubación asociado SARS-CoV-2. Se realizó análisis univariado entre los grupos con infección o no por SARS-CoV-2 como control, y reintervención, grado de estenosis, uso de inyección intramucosa con dexametasona intratraqueal o múltiples estenosis como desenlaces de importancia. Se usó test exacto de Fisher, t Student y Man-Whitney según la naturaleza de variables. Se consideró p estadísticamente significativo menor a 0.05.Resultados: Se identificaron 26 pacientes, 20 tenían COVID-19 y 6 no. Se encontraron diferencias en edad (p=0,002), epilepsia (p=0,007) y estenosis múltiple (p= 0,04). En 85% de los casos se utilizó láser blue más dilatación con balón pulmonar, en 35% inyección intramucosa con dexametasona intratraqueal y reintervención en 35%, sin diferencias significativas entre grupos. Conclusiones: Se observó un incremento tres veces mayor de pacientes con estenosis múltiple en el grupo de infección por COVID-19, así mismo se encontró que el método más utilizado en este grupo para la recanalización fue el uso de láser blue más dilatación con balón pulmonar y la innovación en el uso de inyección intramucosa.

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome with a prolonged need for mechanical ventilation and delayed tracheostomy, resulting in an increase in cases of tracheal stenosis and the necessity for less invasive approaches.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2020 to December 2021 at the Hospital Universitario Nacional de Colombia, focusing on adults with post-intubation tracheal stenosis associated with SARS-CoV-2. Univariate analysis was performed between groups with or without SARS-CoV-2 infection as a control, considering reintervention, degree of stenosis, use of intratracheal steroids, or multiple stenoses as important outcomes. Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test, and Mann-Whit-ney test were employed based on the nature of variables. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: A total of 26 patients were included, with 20 having COVID-19 and 6 without. Significant differences were found in age (p=0.002), epilepsy (p=0.007), and multiple stenosis (p=0.04). In 85% of cases, laser blue plus balloon pulmonary dilation was used, intratracheal dexamethasone in 35%, and reintervention in 35%, with no significant differences between groups.Conclusions: A threefold increase in subglottic stenosis was observed during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with more instances of multiple stenosis and predominantly the use of laser blue plus balloon pulmonary dilation as a successful recanalization technique. There was a higher use of intratracheal dexamethasone in this group compared to oth-er pathologies causing tracheal stenosis.

Clinical and bronchoscopy features of tracheobronchial tuberculosis in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the clinical and bronchoscopic characteristics of tracheobronchial tuberculosis (TBTB) in children and to identify factors influencing residual airway obstruction or stenosis.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of children with TBTB were retrospectively collected. The children were divided into two groups based on the last bronchoscopic result within one year of follow-up: a group with residual airway obstruction or stenosis (n=34) and a group without residual airway obstruction or stenosis (n=58). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors influencing residual airway obstruction or stenosis in children with TBTB. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze the predictive value of the factors influencing residual airway obstruction or stenosis in children with TBTB.@*RESULTS@#A total of 92 children with TBTB were included, and the main symptoms were cough (90%) and fever (68%). In children under 1 year old, the incidence rates of dyspnea and wheezing were significantly higher than in other age groups (P<0.008). Chest CT findings included mediastinal or hilar lymph node enlargement (90%) and tracheobronchial stenosis or obstruction (61%). The lymphatic fistula type was the main type of TBTB observed bronchoscopically (77%). All children received interventional treatment, and the effective rate was 84%. During one year of follow-up, 34 children had residual airway obstruction or stenosis. The TBTB diagnostic time and the initiation of interventional treatment were significantly delayed in the group with residual airway obstruction or stenosis compared with the group without residual airway obstruction or stenosis (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the TBTB diagnostic time was closely related to residual airway obstruction or stenosis in children (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that at the cut-off value of 92 days of TBTB diagnostic time, the area under the curve for predicting residual airway obstruction or stenosis in children with TBTB was 0.707, with a sensitivity of 58.8% and a specificity of 75.9%.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The clinical manifestations of TBTB are nonspecific, and symptoms are more severe in children under 1 year old. TBTB should be suspected in children with tuberculosis and chest imaging indicating airway involvement. Delayed diagnosis of TBTB is associated with the development of residual airway obstruction or stenosis.

Awake airway endoscopy in mucopolysaccharidosis: a case report

Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) are a group of rare genetic inherited diseases with a progressive course due to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans resulting in anatomic abnormalities and organ dysfunction, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, skeletal, and neurological systems that can increase the risk of anesthesia complications. Clinical manifestations are variable, multisystemic, and include severe morphological changes. The anesthetic management of these patients is complex, particularly airway management, which can be planned to include a fiberoptic airway investigation prior to surgery. We present two cases of patients with MPS type VI and VII who underwent fiberoptic airway mapping under conscious sedation, with no complications. Since MPS is a rare but challenging disease concerning the airway management, we propose a safe and effective anesthetic technique that could be used for fiberoptic bronchoscopy and allow fiberoptic-assisted tracheal intubation at the time of surgery.

Bronquio cardíaco diagnosticado por estudio endoscópico / Cardiac bronchus diagnosed by endoscopic study

Introducción: El bronquio cardíaco es una anomalía congénita poco frecuente, con una incidencia de aproximadamente 0,1 por ciento. Consiste en un bronquio supernumerario que nace de la pared medial del bronquio principal derecho o del bronquio intermediario, opuesto al origen del bronquio para el lóbulo superior derecho y proximal al bronquio del segmento apical del lóbulo inferior derecho. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un bronquio cardíaco diagnosticado por estudio endoscópico. Presentación del caso: Se presenta el caso de un paciente que ingresa en el servicio de Neumología del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras por presentar tos, expectoración blanca, disnea a los grandes esfuerzos y una radiografía de tórax con una radiopacidad en el lóbulo superior izquierdo y que como hallazgo incidental durante la realización de la broncoscopia se detecta un bronquio cardíaco o supernumerario. Conclusiones: El bronquio cardíaco es una malformación congénita infrecuente que puede cursar de manera asintomática, cuyo diagnóstico definitivo es por broncoscopia(AU)

Introduction: The cardiac bronchus is a rare congenital anomaly, with an incidence of approximately 0.1 percent. It consists of a supernumerary bronchus that arises from the medial wall of the right main bronchus or the bronchus intermediary, opposite the origin of the bronchus for the right upper lobe and proximal to the bronchus of the apical segment of the right lower lobe. Objective: To report the case of a cardiac bronchus diagnosed by endoscopic study. Case report: We report the case of a patient who was admitted to the Pneumology service at Hermanos Ameijeiras Surgical Clinical Hospital due to cough, white expectoration, dyspnea on exertion and a chest X-ray with radiopacity in the upper lobe, and that as an incidental finding during the bronchoscopy, a cardiac or supernumerary bronchus was detected. Conclusions: Bronchus is an infrequent congenital malformation that can be asymptomatic, whose definitive diagnosis is by bronchoscopy(AU)

Safe ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy in eight steps and necessary precautions in COVID-19 patients / Traqueostomia percutânea segura guiada por ultrassonografia em oito passos e cuidados necessários em pacientes com COVID-19

ABSTRACT Percutaneous tracheostomy has been considered the standard method today, the bronchoscopy-guided technique being the most frequently performed. A safe alternative is ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy, which can be carried out by the surgeon, avoiding the logistical difficulties of having a specialist in bronchoscopy. Studies prove that the efficacy and safety of the ultrasound-guided technique are similar when compared to the bronchoscopy-guided one. Thus, it is of paramount importance that surgeons have ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy as a viable and beneficial alternative to the open procedure. In this article, we describe eight main steps in performing ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy, highlighting essential technical points that can reduce the risk of complications from the procedure. Furthermore, we detail some precautions that one must observe to reduce the risk of aerosolization and contamination of the team when percutaneous tracheostomy is indicated in patients with COVID-19.

RESUMO A traqueostomia percutânea tem sido considerada o método padrão atualmente, sendo a técnica guiada por broncoscopia a mais realizada. Uma alternativa segura é a traqueostomia percutânea guiada por ultrassonografia, que pode ser feita pelo próprio cirurgião, evitando-se as dificuldades logísticas de disponibilidade de um especialista em broncoscopia. Estudos comprovam que a eficácia e a segurança da técnica guiada por ultrassonografia, comparada à guiada por broncoscopia, são semelhantes. Assim, é de suma importância que os cirurgiões tenham a traqueostomia percutânea guiada por ultrassonografia como alternativa viável e benéfica em relação ao procedimento aberto. Neste artigo, descrevemos oito passos principais da realização da traqueostomia percutânea ecoguiada, destacando pontos técnicos essenciais que podem reduzir o risco de complicações do procedimento. Ainda, detalhamos alguns cuidados que devem ser observados, com o intuito de reduzir o risco de aerolização e contaminação da equipe, quando a traqueostomia percutânea é indicada no paciente com COVID-19.

In Vitro Fatigue Test of Lung Volume Reduction Loop / 中国医疗器械杂志

Lung volume reduction loop uses bronchoscopic lung volume reduction(BLVR) technology to compress and collapse the necrotic emphysema tissue and exhaust the internal gas to achieve the purpose of lung volume reduction to treat emphysema. After the lung volume reduction loop is implanted into the human body, the compressed part of the lung tissue tends to expand with breathing, which makes the lung volume reduction loop expand into a linear trend periodically. Fatigue resistance is one of the most important performance indexes of the lung volume reduction loop. In the paper, Z-direction vibration fatigue machine was used to simulate the changes of human respiratory cycle movement to test the fatigue performance of lung volume reduction loop, which can provide some reference for the test method of in vitro fatigue performance of lung volume reduction related products in the future.

Application and Progress of Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy in Department of Thoracic Surgery / 中国肺癌杂志

Lung cancer ranks the first cancer-related morbidity and mortality in China. With the development and penetration of imaging technology, increasing small pulmonary peripheral Nodules (SPPNs) have been detected. However, precise location and diagnosis of SPPNs is still a tough problem for clinical diagnosis and treatment in department of thoracic surgery. With the development of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB), it provides a novel minimally invasive method for the diagnosis and treatment of SPPNs. In this review, we summarized the application and progress of ENB in preoperative positioning, diagnosis, and local treatment, then, discussed the clinical application of ENB in the hybrid operating room.
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Diagnóstico de divertículo traqueal por broncoscopia / Diagnosis of tracheal diverticulum by bronchoscopy

Introducción: Las anomalías congénitas de la tráquea son un grupo heterogéneo de alteraciones que se producen durante el desarrollo y crecimiento del sistema respiratorio y guarda relación con el período embrionario. En esta etapa del desarrollo, pueden presentarse malformaciones que son incompatibles con la vida. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de divertículo traqueal. Presentación del caso: Se presenta el caso de una paciente oncológica diagnosticada de un divertículo traqueal, también conocido como traqueocele. El diagnóstico se obtuvo de manera incidental, cuando a la paciente, en estudios de control por cáncer de mama, se le indicó una radiografía de tórax posteroanterior y se evidenció una lesión nodular en el vértice del pulmón derecho. Se le realizó broncoscopia y se diagnosticó divertículo traqueal. Conclusiones: El divertículo traqueal es una entidad infrecuente que puede cursar de manera asintomática. Su diagnóstico se puede realizar por tomografía axial computarizada o broncoscopia(AU)

Introduction: Congenital anomalies of the trachea are a heterogeneous group of alterations that occur during the development and growth of the respiratory system and they are related to the embryonic period. At this stage of development, malformations, which are incompatible with life, may occur. Objective: To report a case of tracheal diverticulum. Case report: The case of an oncological patient diagnosed with a tracheal diverticulum, also known as a tracheocele, is reported here. The diagnosis was made incidentally. When the patient, in control studies for breast cancer, received a postero-anterior chest X-ray and a nodular lesion was evidenced in the apex of her right lung. She underwent a bronchoscopy and a tracheal diverticulum was diagnosed. Conclusions: Tracheal diverticulum is a rare entity that can occur asymptomatically. Its diagnosis can be made by computerized axial tomography or bronchoscopy(AU)

Melanoma maligno primario de pulmón / Primary malignant lung melanoma

Introducción: El melanoma maligno es un tumor de etiología multifactorial, cuando afecta al sistema respiratorio su origen es casi siempre metastásico, y como tumor primario es muy infrecuente, constituye el 0,07 por ciento de los tumores pulmonares malignos. Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico con diagnóstico de melanoma maligno primario de pulmón. Presentación del caso: Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 64 años de edad, exfumadora, sin antecedentes de melanoma, que presenta tos seca asociada a disnea, los esfuerzos físicos y dolor torácico. Además de astenia y pérdida de peso. Se le realizó biopsia pulmonar mediante broncoscopia y se le diagnosticó melanoma. Conclusiones: El melanoma primario pulmonar es uno de los más raros del tipo de melanoma visceral, es una entidad neumológica infrecuente y el diagnóstico preciso requiere una investigación detallada y el cumplimiento de criterios clínicos y anatomopatológicos específicos(AU)

Introduction: Malignant melanoma is a tumor of multifactorial etiology, when it affects the respiratory system its origin is almost always metastatic, and as a primary tumor it is very infrequent, it constitutes 0.07 por ciento of malignant lung tumors. Objective: To report a clinical case with a diagnosis of primary malignant melanoma of the lung. Case report: We report the case of a 64-year-old woman, former smoker, with no history of melanoma, who had dry cough associated with dyspnea with physical exertion and chest pain. In addition to asthenia and weight loss, she had a lung biopsy by bronchoscopy and was diagnosed with melanoma. Conclusions: Primary pulmonary melanoma is one of the rarest of the visceral melanoma type, this is an infrequent pneumological entity and the precise diagnosis requires detailed investigation and the fulfillment of specific clinical and pathological criteria(AU)

Eficacia del ultrasonido endobronquial con aspiración por aguja fina en el diagnóstico de lesiones hiliares y mediastinales / Efficacy of endobronchial ultrasound with fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of hilar and mediastinal lesions

RESUMEN Introducción: El ultrasonido endobronquial lineal con aspiración transbronquial por aguja fina es una técnica novedosa para el diagnóstico de tumores y ganglios mediastínicos e hiliares. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia diagnóstica de ultrasonido endobronquial lineal con aspiración transbronquial por aguja fina como método de estudio de lesiones hiliares y mediastinales. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con carácter prospectivo en 49 pacientes a los que se le realizó ultrasonido endobronquial lineal con aspiración transbronquial por aguja fina. Resultados: El diagnóstico se obtuvo mediante la histología y resultaron positivos 48 pacientes, de ellos 45 fueron positivos por el ultrasonido endobronquial lineal con aspiración transbronquial por aguja fina y 4 negativos por este estudio. El resultado global de la investigación mostró una sensibilidad de 93,8 %, especificidad 100 %, valor predictivo positivo de 100 % y predictivo negativo 25 %. De esta manera, el índice de validez de ultrasonido endobronquial lineal con aspiración transbronquial por aguja fina fue de 93,8 %. El número de complicaciones fue mínimo. Conclusiones: El ultrasonido endobronquial lineal con aspiración transbronquial por aguja fina constituye un método diagnóstico eficaz y seguro en el estudio de pacientes que presentan lesiones hiliares y mediastinales con alta sospecha de cáncer de pulmón y a su vez, una alternativa de acceder al mediastino de manera no cruenta para la estadificación ganglionar.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Linear endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial fine needle aspiration is a novel technique for the diagnosis of tumors and mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of linear endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial fine needle aspiration as a method of studying hila and mediastinal lesions. Methods: A prospective descriptive study was carried out in 49 patients who underwent linear endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial fine needle aspiration. Results: The diagnosis was obtained by histology and 48 patients were positive, 45 of them resulted positive by linear endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial fine needle aspiration and 4 resulted negative by this study. The overall result of the investigation showed a sensitivity of 93.8%, specificity 100%, a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 25%. Thus, the validity index of linear endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial fine needle aspiration was 93.8%. The number of complications was minimal. Conclusions: Linear endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial fine needle aspiration is an effective and safe diagnostic method in the study of patients with hilar and mediastinal lesions with high suspicion of lung cancer and, consecutively, it is an alternative to access the mediastinum in a non- invasive approach for lymph node staging.

Comparación de máscaras laríngeas (I-gel Fastrach) para realización de intubación endotraqueal guiada con broncofibroscopio flexible / Comparison of I-gel Fastrach laryngeal masks in conducting flexible bronchofiberscope-guided

GOALS: Determine the success rate of guided intubation with a flexible bronchofibroscope (BFC) through supraglottic devices: I-gel or Fastrach, establish the degree of fibroscopic visualization and determine the insertion time of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) and endotracheal intubation. METHODS: Experimental, prospective, comparative and randomized study of 60 ASA I-II-III patients, older than 18 years, undergoing elective surgeries that required general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation. After anesthetic induction, the assigned LMA was placed and intubation with BFC was performed through it. Both the success of laryngeal mask insertion and intubation were recorded, as well as the time (in seconds) equired for these procedures. The vision of the laryngeal structures was classified according to the Brimacombe Scale. RESULTS: The groups analyzed presented similar general characteristics. Insertion time of he LMA was significantly lower with I-gel than Fastrach (median 12 s vs 16 s. Respectively, p = 0.001). Also, in the intubation time BFC guided through the laryngeal mask, differences in favor of I-gel were found, with a median of 72 s. vs 89 s. (p = 0.001). Regarding the degree of glottic visualization with BFC, no statistically significant differences were found between both groups.CONCLUSIONS: Although both devices had the highest success rate (both in their placement and in intubation through them), with I-gel the intubation was performed quicker.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la tasa de éxito de intubación guiada con broncofibroscopio flexible (BFC) a través de los dispositivos supraglóticos: I-gel o Fastrach, establecer el grado de visualización fibroscópica y determinar el tiempo de inserción de la máscara laríngea y de intubación endotraqueal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio experimental, prospectivo, comparativo y aleatorizado de 60 pacientes ASA I- II ­III, mayores de 18 años, sometidos a cirugías electivas que requerían anestesia general e intubación endotraqueal. Luego de la inducción anestésica, se procedió a colocar la máscara laríngea asignada y se realizó la intubación con BFC a través de la misma. Tanto el éxito de inserción de máscara laríngea como de intubación fueron registrados, así como el tiempo (en segundos) requerido para dichos procedimientos. La visión de las estructuras laríngeas fue clasificada de acuerdo a Escala de Brimacombe. RESULTADOS: Los grupos analizados presentaron características generales similares. El tiempo de inserción de la ML fue significativamente menor con I-gel que con Fastrach (medianas: 12 s. vs 16 s. respectivamente, p = 0,001). También en el tiempo de intubación guiada con BFC a través de la máscara laríngea, se encontraron diferencias en favor de I-gel, con una mediana de 72 s. vs 89 s. (p = 0,001). Respecto al grado de visualización glótica con BFC, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque ambos dispositivos tuvieron la máxima tasa de éxito (tanto en su colocación como en la intubación a través de ellos), con I-gel se realizó la intubación de manera más rápida.

Tuberculosis miliar / Miliary tuberculosis

Introducción: La tuberculosis es considerada como la enfermedad infecciosa más importante del mundo, a pesar de los esfuerzos que se han invertido para su control. Es producida por el complejo mycobacterium tuberculosis. El órgano más afectado es el pulmón, aunque puede tener repercusión extrapulmonar. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un paciente diagnosticado de tuberculosis miliar a través del esputo posbroncoscopia. Caso clínico: Se expone el caso de un paciente diagnosticado de una tuberculosis miliar al cual se le realizó broncoscopia diagnóstica y lavado bronquial para bacilo ácido alcohol resistente (BAAR), el cual fue negativo. El diagnóstico se obtuvo por esputo BAAR posbroncoscopia. Conclusiones: El esputo posbroncoscopia es una opción con adecuada rentabilidad en el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad infecciosa(AU)

Introduction: Tuberculosis is considered the most important infectious disease in the world, despite the efforts that have been invested to control it. It is produced by the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The most affected organs are the lungs, although it can have extrapulmonary repercussions. Objective: To report the case of a patient diagnosed with miliary tuberculosis through post-bronchoscopy sputum. Clinical case report: The case of a patient diagnosed with miliary tuberculosis is reported. This patient underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy and bronchial lavage for acid-alcohol-resistant bacillus (ABB), which was negative. The diagnosis was obtained by postbronchoscopy ARB sputum. Conclusions: Post-bronchoscopy sputum is an option, with adequate profitability in the diagnosis of this infectious disease(AU)

Neumonía lipoidea exógena aguda por aspiración accidental de hidrocarburos / Acute exogenous lipoid pneumonia for accidental aspiration of hydrocarbons

La neumonía lipoidea es una enfermedad respiratoria poco conocida que resulta de la acumulación de lípidos de origen endógeno o exógeno a nivel del alveolo pulmonar. Suele ser subdiagnosticada ya que la presentación clínica es inespecífica, por lo que suele confundirse con otras patologías broncopulmonares. Se presentó el caso de un paciente de 18 años antecedentes de aspiración accidental de combustible que seis horas después comenzó con fiebre, hemoptisis, tos y disnea. Se realizó radiografía de tórax donde se observó una neumonía en base derecha que unido al interrogatorio y a la realización de la broncoscopía confirmaron el diagnóstico de neumonía lipoidea. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente con el tratamiento(AU)

Lipoid pneumonia is a little known respiratory disease that results from the accumulation of lipids of endogenous or exogenous origin in the pulmonary alveolus. It is usually underdiagnosed since the clinical presentation is nonspecific, which is why it is often confused with other bronchopulmonary pathologies. We report the case of an 18-year-old patient with a history of accidental fuel aspiration, who ran fever six hours later, together with hemoptysis, cough, and dyspnea. Chest X-rays showed a right base pneumonia. The questioning and the performance of the bronchoscopy confirmed the diagnosis of lipoid pneumonia. The patient evolved favorably with the treatment(AU)

Caracterización de pacientes operados por tumores del mediastino / Characterization of operated patients because of mediastinal tumors

Introducción: Las neoplasias mediastinales son tumores poco frecuentes, pueden aparecer a cualquier edad y por lo general se descubren incidentalmente en una radiografía de tórax de rutina en pacientes asintomáticos. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes operados por tumores de mediastino según variables clínico- epidemiológicas y diagnósticas seleccionadas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de tipo serie de casos con 37 enfermos ingresados y operados con diagnóstico de tumor mediastinal, en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Docente "Saturnino Lora" de Santiago de Cuba, durante los años 2010 a 2017. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino con 23 pacientes y el intervalo de edad entre 31 y 40 años (11 casos). Los síntomas más comunes fueron dolor torácico, tos y disnea. El compartimiento posterior fue el mayormente afectado (11 pacientes), así como los tumores con tamaños entre 7 y 9 cm (17 enfermos). Los medios diagnósticos más utilizados fueron la tomografía computarizada, la broncoscopia y la mediastinoscopia. Primaron los tumores malignos (54,1 por ciento) en los que se identificó una amplia gama de variedades histológicas. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico definitivo generalmente se establece mediante el estudio histopatológico posquirúrgico, aunque la tomografía computarizada asociada o no a la biopsia percutánea es la regla de oro para el diagnóstico preoperatorio. Las variedades histológicas de los tumores malignos son atribuibles a las características del órgano afectado(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Mediastinal neoplasms are rare tumours; they can appear at any age and they are usually discovered incidentally on a routine chest radiograph in asymptomatic patients. Objective: To characterize patients operated on mediastinal tumours according to selected clinical, epidemiological and diagnostic variables. Methods: An observational, descriptive study of a series of cases with 37 patients admitted and operated with diagnosis of mediastinal tumour in the General Surgery Service of the Provincial Teaching "Saturnino Lora" Hospital from Santiago de Cuba, during the years 2010 to 2017. Results: The female sex predominated with 23 patients and the age interval between 31 and 40 years (11 cases). The most common symptoms were chest pain, cough and dyspnea. The posterior compartment was the most affected (11 patients), as well as the tumors with sizes between 7 and 9 cm (17 cases). The most used diagnostic means were computed tomography, bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy. Malignant histological varieties prevailed (54.1 percent). Conclusions: The definitive diagnosis is usually established by postoperative histopathological study, although computed tomography associated or not with percutaneous biopsy is the gold standard for preoperative diagnosis. Malignant histological varieties are related with characteristics of the affected organ(AU)

Sling de la arteria pulmonar en paciente preescolar con compromiso de la vía aérea / Pulmonary artery sling in preschool patient with airway compromise

Resumen Introducción: El sling de la arteria pulmonar izquierda es una rara malformación congénita del arco aórtico en la que la rama pulmonar izquierda se origina a partir de la arteria pulmonar derecha. Generalmente se sitúa entre la tráquea y el esófago, que frecuentemente la comprimen. Dependiendo del grado de compromiso de la vía aérea, el esófago y las anomalías cardíacas asociadas, las manifestaciones clínicas varían. El tratamiento de esta malformación es quirúrgico; con el paso de los años, este abordaje ha mejorado, y se ha logrado una disminución de la morbilidad y mortalidad en esta condición. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una paciente preescolar con hallazgo de sling de la arteria pulmonar izquierda con compromiso de la vía aérea. Conclusiones: Después de la corrección quirúrgica, se logró una respuesta clínica favorable y una mejoría significativa en la vía aérea, evidenciada en los hallazgos en la fibrobroncoscopia, sin necesidad de intervenciones adicionales.

Abstract Background: Left pulmonary artery sling is a rare congenital malformation of the aortic arch in which this artery originates from the right pulmonary artery and courses over the trachea and the esophagus. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the degree of airway compromise, the esophagus and associated cardiac anomalies. The treatment for this malformation is surgical; over the years, this approach has improved, achieving a decrease in morbidity and mortality in this condition. Case report: A preschool patient with incidental finding of sling of the left pulmonary artery with compromise of the airway is presented. Conclusions: After the surgical procedure, a favorable clinical outcome was observed and a significant improvement in the airway was shown by a fibrobronchoscopy, without any additional intervention.

Primera caracterización del árbol bronquial derecho en Cuba con el uso de la broncoscopia / First characterization of the right bronchial tree in Cuba by bronchoscopy

Introducción: El alcance de la maestría en el estudio endoscópico de las vías aéreas debe basarse en un conocimiento de la anatomía bronquial, sus divisiones, nomenclatura y los hallazgos endobronquiales normales. Objetivo: Caracterizar la anatomía del árbol bronquial derecho mediante broncoscopia flexible diagnóstica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal prospectivo, en 2000 pacientes, en un periodo de 12 años, a los que se les realizó una revisión completa de las variantes del árbol bronquial derecho. Resultados: En el bronquio lobar superior la división más frecuente fue la bifurcación con 58,4 por ciento, el bronquio lobar medio siempre se bifurcó. En el segmento B6 predominó la bifurcación 87,7 por ciento y la más frecuente fue el tipo B6 y B6 b+c. El resto de los basales se comportaron de la manera siguiente: el segmento paracardiaco no apareció en un 8,15 por ciento, predominó la bifurcación con 89,15 por ciento y de estas, la división B8 y B9 + B10. En cuanto a las malformaciones congénitas estuvieron presentes 0,65 por ciento de bronquio traqueal, 0,15 por ciento de bronquio cardiaco accesorio y 5,15 por ciento de bronquio subsuperior. Conclusiones: El árbol bronquial derecho en la población cubana tiene características propias(AU)

Introduction: The skill scope in the airways endoscopic study should be based on the bronchial anatomy knowledge, its divisions, nomenclature and the normal endobronchial findings. Objective: To characterize the anatomy of the right bronchial tree using diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy. Methods: A descriptive, prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in 2000 patients, over a period of 12 years. A complete review of the right bronchial tree these variants was performed on these patients. Results: The most frequent division was the bifurcation with 58.4%, in the upper lobar bronchus. The middle lobar bronchus always bifurcated. In segment B6, bifurcation predominated (87.7percent), and the most frequent was type B6 and B6 b + c. The rest of the basals behaved as follows: the paracardiac segment did not appear in 8.15 percent, bifurcation predominated (89.15 percent) and out of these, B8 and B9 + B10 division. Regarding congenital malformations, we found 0.65 percent tracheal bronchus, 0.15 percent accessory cardiac bronchus and 5.15 percent subsurface bronchus. Conclusions: The right bronchial tree in the Cuban population has its own characteristics(AU)

Massive hemoptysis following Rasmussen's aneurysm: a case report

Rasmussen's aneurysm (RA) is a pseudoaneurysm of a pulmonary artery (AP), adjacent to or within a tuberculous cavity, appearing in 5% of these lesions. Its rupture might provoke massive hemoptysis (MH) with a near 50% mortality. The aim of this article is to report a case of massive hemoptysis following Rasmussen's aneurysm. 52-year-old man with recent history of hospita-lization due to pneumonia associated to influenza A and decompensated hyperthyroidism, pre-sents outpatient chest radiograph with signs of hyperinflation and scarring apical opacities, the patient returned to the hospital due to sharp pain of left hemi thorax during inspiration accom-panied with bloody sputum, asthenia and non-quantified weight loss. He evolves to frank MH, requiring endotracheal intubation managed in the intensive care unit (ICU). Chest computed tomography (CT) reported ground-glass opacity, nodules with a tendency to cavitation, tree-in-bud pattern in agreement with inflammation and infection, active TB is considered, and truncus of PA with vascular lesion suggestive of aneurysm dependent on pulmonary circulation, possibly RA. Fibrobronchoscopy reported signs of old and recent bleeding of left bronchial tree, probably of the lingula, blood clots in right bronchial tree. Molecular study and TB cultures was negative. Endovascular procedure with arteriography was carried out, revealing amputation of left distal segmental PA carrying the pseudoaneurysm with complete regression, discarding embolization RA It must be considered among the differential diagnoses of MH, especially on patients with pulmonary TB complications, such as the reported case. Due to its associated increased morta-lity, once RA is identified, it must be either endovascularly or surgically eradicated.